China’s new competitive edge? Humanoid robots

Led by visionaries at Boston Dynamics and Tesla, the West has captivated the world with viral videos of back-flipping, dancing robots. Now, Chinese firms are deploying humanoids at scale and speed, moving beyond spectacle to transform industries such as manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare. In late November 2025, one of China’s top robot manufacturers, UBTech, secured a major contract to deploy a fleet of humanoid robots at the China-Vietnam border. Valued at $37 million, the deal will see Walker S2 robots perform tasks ranging from guiding travelers to conducting inspections. This isn’t a pilot program or a flashy tech demo; it’s a real-world contract that signals a profound shift in the global technology landscape. For businesses, the question is no longer if humanoid robots will impact their operations, but whether they will recognize the competitive threat posed by China’s practical, state-backed ecosystem before their rivals do. The humanoid race: China vs. America Although the race for humanoid supremacy is global, its key players remain concentrated in the U.S. and China. American companies often lead in cutting-edge innovation and fundraising, while Chinese firms excel at rapid iteration, scaled production, and real-world deployment, often with state support. The two nations also take fundamentally different approaches. American firms, backed by venture capital and tech celebrities, often pursue general-purpose robots designed to think and adapt like humans. Chinese companies, by contrast, focus on deploying robots that solve specific, immediate business problems at scale. In the U.S., companies like Tesla, Figure AI, and Boston Dynamics exemplify this moonshot mindset. Tesla’s Optimus targets a $20,000 price point, with Elon Musk ambitiously claiming that 80% of the company’s value could eventually come from the robot. Figure AI’s Figure 03 focuses on learning directly from human demonstration, tackling household and warehouse tasks. Meanwhile, Boston Dynamics’ Atlas continues to set the benchmark for dynamic mobility and is now exploring commercial industrial applications. Chinese companies, in contrast, focus on immediate deployment and scale. UBTech’s Walker S2 is actively shipping hundreds of units to factories and government clients, with its autonomous battery-swapping capability designed for 24/7 operation. Shanghai-based Fourier Intelligence has already delivered over 100 GR-1 units for healthcare, each priced around $150,000. Meanwhile, Unitree offers developer-friendly platforms, and Xpeng targets commercial and public service applications. This split — American innovation versus Chinese implementation — is defining the current technological landscape. While the U.S. captures headlines, China is capturing market share. Meet the robots Tesla Optimus Tesla’s strategic pivot to AI and humanoid robots underscores how even the world’s most iconic EV company now sees its future extending beyond cars. As global vehicle deliveries soften, Musk has increasingly pointed investors toward Optimus, self-driving systems, and robotaxis as the foundation of what he calls a future of “sustainable abundance.” First unveiled in 2021, Optimus is designed for factory automation and repetitive labor. Although no significant production volume has been achieved yet, Musk claims Tesla could ultimately produce millions of units annually at a target price of $20,000 to $30,000, signaling a bold attempt to redefine Tesla not as an automaker, but as a platform company built around AI-driven labor and automation. Figure 03 San Jose-based Figure AI, founded in 2022, is one of the leading contenders in the race to commercialize general-purpose humanoid robots. Its latest model, Figure 03, represents a major leap from prototype to scalable product, following a full ground-up redesign of both hardware and software. Built around the company’s proprietary Helix vision-language-action AI, Figure 03 is designed to learn directly from humans and perform complex, human-like tasks across homes and commercial environments. The robot features advanced tactile hands, high-speed visual perception, home-safe design elements, and wireless charging, while being engineered explicitly for mass production at Figure AI’s BotQ facility. UBTech Walker S2 Shenzhen-based UBTech has moved decisively from pilot projects to large-scale industrial deployment with its Walker S2 humanoid robot, which entered mass production and delivery in late 2025. The company has already shipped the first batch of several hundred full-size industrial humanoids, with plans to scale annual production capacity to 5,000 units by 2026 and 10,000 by 2027. Since early 2025, orders for the Walker series have exceeded 800 million RMB ($112 million), reflecting strong demand across automotive manufacturing, smart factories, logistics, and data collection centers. Integrated with UBTech’s proprietary BrainNet and Co-Agent systems, Walker S2 is designed not just as a robot but as a turnkey operational solution capable of task planning, tool use, and autonomous anomaly handling. Xpeng Iron In 2025, Chinese EV maker Xpeng unveiled its 1.7-meter-tall hyper-realistic humanoid robot, Iron, designed to closely mimic human movement and interaction. It features 82 total degrees of freedom, a humanoid spine with bionic muscles, and 22 degrees of freedom in each hand for precise, natural motion. Powered by a multi-model AI system, three proprietary Turing AI chips, and the industry’s first solid-state battery in a humanoid robot, Iron can engage in dialogue, interpret gestures, and operate autonomously in complex environments. Xpeng aims for mass production by the end of 2026, with an estimated price of around $150,000, targeting applications such as shopping center guidance, customer support, traffic management, and industrial inspection. Unitree H2 H2 by Hangzhou-based Unitree Robotics is a full-sized humanoid robot known for its advanced motion control and unusually accessible pricing. Standing at 1.82 meters tall and weighing around 70 kg, the H2 features 31 degrees of freedom, high-torque joints, and smooth, expressive movements that enable activities ranging from dance to martial arts. With onboard AI computing, binocular vision, and voice interaction, the H2 also serves as a flexible platform for developing and testing embodied AI behaviors. Prices start at $29,900 — well below most comparable humanoid robots. Hurdles ahead: From clumsy to capable Despite the rapid pace of advancement, humanoid robotics still faces substantial hurdles. Achieving a truly autonomous, general-purpose humanoid remains an unsolved challenge, constrained by both technical complexity and economic reality. From a technical standpoint, balance, dexterity, and long-term reliability remain core obstacles. Many prototypes continue to move cautiously, with limited stability and slow response times. Fine motor control, critical for tasks involving delicate components or deformable objects, has yet to reach human-level performance. At the same time, ensuring these highly complex machines can operate continuously for thousands of hours without breakdowns remains a major engineering challenge. Economically, cost is still a decisive barrier: most commercially capable humanoids today are priced between $30,000 and $100,000, leaving return on investment uncertain for many buyers. Although Tesla’s long-term ambition is to price the Optimus around $20,000, this target depends on large-scale manufacturing efficiencies that have not yet been achieved. In China, the rapid expansion of humanoid robotics startups has introduced a different risk — overcapacity — prompting state planners to caution against an influx of highly similar products. Adapt or be automated The rise of the humanoid robot represents a fundamental reshaping of the global landscape. For businesses, the key takeaway is not to be captivated by the most acrobatic machines but to identify which companies are building the most practical, scalable, and cost-effective solutions. At present, the momentum is shifting toward China. While Western firms continue to push the frontiers of AI and robotics research, Chinese companies are demonstrating a formidable ability to translate that research into deployable products at an unprecedented scale. This has created a powerful ecosystem advantage, characterized by vast data generation, rapid iteration cycles, and a deeply integrated domestic supply chain that will be difficult for international competitors to replicate. For global businesses, the message is clear: humanoid robots are no longer a distant sci-fi concept. They are real-world tools already delivering competitive advantages to early adopters. Companies that actively track these developments, assess practical use cases within their industries, and prepare for a new era of efficiency-driven competition will be best positioned to succeed. Those who dismiss today’s imperfect machines risk being outpaced by tomorrow’s tireless, increasingly capable robotic workforce.

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China’s new competitive edge? Humanoid robots